Thursday, 11 February 2016
GST 202 CORRECTION
Posted by Obayanju Obane Ayodele 1:44AM 12-Feb-2016
1st Project PART-A 200 LEVEL 2nd Semester.
We are familiar with those inexhaustible things that cause conflicts, but in this context, they can be categorized into four namely
• Conflicts over resources
• Conflicts over psychological needs
• Conflicts involving values
• Conflicts over inadequate information
Conflicts over Resources These types of conflicts are usually easy to identify because they can be seen and are more potentially easy to resolve. This conflict occurs when two or more people are competing for inadequate (or perceived to be inadequate) resources over a period of time. The competition may assume negative or destructive dimension when the available resources are not evenly and judiciously distributed. The relatively deprived would always struggle to improve their lot. This view agrees with the Marxian theory of conflict, which posits that the more the rate of unequal distribution of scarce resources in the society, the greater is the basic conflict of interest between its dominant and subordinate segments. He also says that when practices of dominant segment create “alienation dispositions” the more the subordinate segments of a system become aware of their collective interests and question the distribution of scarce resources, the more likely they are to join in overt conflict against dominant segment of a system. Resources that cause conflict include
GST 202 MODULE 1 5 landed properties, money, vehicles, and company ownership/shares among others.
Conflict over Psychological Needs Conflicts over psychological needs of groups and individuals are conflicts which cannot be seen but affect the psyche of the individual and group self-actualisation, need for individual and group respect, attempt to project one’s group to be better than the others. With particular reference to Maslow’s theory, he points out that when an individual psychological need is achieved or satisfied, such an individual becomes dominated by a drive for the other unsatisfied needs through a process he calls “Fulfillment Progression”. Example includes structural factor, politics, personality clash, and ethnicity.
Conflict Involving Values Contradicting value systems such as religious beliefs, ideological positions, and general worldview is another factor responsible for social conflict among the interacting parties. Conflict involving values are the most difficult to understand and resolve because most times people could die for what they believe in. According to Weaver, who likens culture to an iceberg, he says “internal culture”, is implicitly learnt and difficult to change. That is part of culture that is below the waterline in the iceberg analogy. It includes some of our beliefs, our values and thought patterns, attitudes, non-verbal communication and perception. Beliefs are interrelated and form “belief system”, which because they are learnt in life, are difficult to change. Examples of values laden conflicts include the Cold War, terrorism (suicide bombing), religious conflicts such as 1980 Maitatsine crisis, the 1991 Bonnke crisis in Kano, the 2002 Beauty Pageant crisis. Others include the September 30, 2005 Cartoon crisis over a Danish newspaper, Jyllands Posten, published cartoons caricaturing Prophet Mohammad, the most recent of all the religious crisis in Nigeria is the Boko Haram crisis that has killed an estimated 3,500 people.
Conflict over Information The last but not the least of the factors causing conflict in any society is “manipulation of information”. The pivotal role of information in societal conflict cannot be over-emphasised, they can either be manipulative or constructive. Especially in a widespread conflict situation, the role of information becomes more crucial, difficult and dangerous. When the information system in a society is tampered with, there is bound to be conflict. The information system can be tampered with in different ways. This can be either by feeding people with lies or
GST 202 FUNDAMENTALS OF PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION 6 giving the right information at the wrong time. In our contemporary societies, the quantity and quality of information vary dramatically and are dependent on wide range of factors, from level of literacy to social cohesiveness and stability to available technology. Central to the availability and quality of public information is the media (print, audio and audio-visual). Also, in deeply divided societies, the media can also shape opinion and decisions related to the nature and scope of conflicts, as well as the potential alternatives to conflict, where social, political and economic conflict have degenerated into widespread violence, the role of information in mitigating the effects of violence or in presenting alternatives can be crucial. Because communication is an integral part of conflict, it comes as no surprise that those participating in organised violence often use the media to attack opponents, and “spread disinformation or misinformation” and “rally external and internal support.” Some of the communication barriers that are capable of distorting meanings are physical distance, language, and the listeners value judgement.
Cold War
By: Obayanju Obane Ayodele 11:29PM 11-Feb-20161st GST202 Assignment: CORRECTION
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact).
The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc, while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power, extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe (for example, supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War) and creating the NATO alliance. The Berlin Blockade (1948–49) was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War (1950–53), the conflict expanded. The USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets. The expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Following the Cuban missile crisis, a new phase began that saw the Sino-Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere, while US allies, particularly France, demonstrated greater independence of action. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, and the Vietnam War (1955–75) ended with a defeat of the US-backed Republic of South Vietnam, prompting further adjustments.
By the 1970s, both sides had become interested in accommodations to create a more stable and predictable international system, inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the Soviet war in Afghanistan beginning in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the "Able Archer" NATO military exercises (1983). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ("reorganization", 1987) and glasnost ("openness", c. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world's only superpower.
The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy. It is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage (e.g. the internationally successful James Bond movie franchise) and the threat of nuclear warfare.
This is an the first project I gave to 200 level first semester comp. science student on GST202 Fundamentals of Peace Studies & Conflict Resolutions. They are to make a one page research on the cold war.
FIRST
CLASS TUTORS AKURE STUDY CENTRE IDANRE AKURE ONDO STATE.
Mobile:
07069433182 and 07085837042
FB:
firstclasstutorsakure
TUTORIAL
TIMETABLE FOR 200 LEVEL
200
LEVEL 2nd SEMESTER
|
DAYS/TIME
|
10:00AM-
10:40AM
|
10:40AM-
11:20AM
|
11:20AM-
12:00PM
|
12:00PM-
12:40PM
|
12:40PM-
1:20PM
|
|
MONDAY
|
CIT208
TUTOR -B
|
MTH282
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT292
TUTOR-
B
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
TUESDAY
|
CIT212
TUTOR-
B
|
MTH212
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT246
TUTOR-
C
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
WEDNESDAY
|
GST202
TUTOR-
C
|
CIT212
TUTOR-
B
|
CIT208
TUTOR-
B
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
THURSDAY
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
FRIDAY
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
CIT292
(Practical)
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT246
(Practical)
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT212
(Practical)
TUTOR-
B
|
Contact
me for your:
·
WINDOWS
7, 8, 8.1 & 10 OS Softwares.
·
Formatting,
Upgrading, Downgrading of your OS, Activation & Driving of your System.
·
Private
Tutoring.
·
Printing
of TMA’S.
·
NETWORKING,
WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT/DESIGNING & PROGRAMMING TRAINING MATERIALS.
@
Obane 07085837042.
FIRST
CLASS TUTORS AKURE STUDY CENTRE IDANRE AKURE ONDO STATE.
Mobile:
07069433182
Whatsapp:
07085837042
FB:
firstclasstutorsakure
IG:
@firstclasstutorsakure
TUTORIAL
TIMETABLE FOR 200 LEVEL
200
LEVEL 1st SEMESTER
|
DAYS/TIME
|
12:40PM-
1:20PM
|
1:20PM-
2:00PM
|
2:00PM-
2:40PM
|
2:40PM-
3:20PM
|
3:20PM-
4:00PM
|
|
MONDAY
|
MTH281
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT237
TUTOR-
B
|
CIT211
TUTOR-
B
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
TUESDAY
|
GST203
TUTOR-
C
|
CIT215
TUTOR-
B
|
GST201
TUTOR-
C
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
WEDNESDAY
|
MTH213
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT213
TUTOR-
B
|
MTH287
TUTOR-
A
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
THURSDAY
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
NIL
|
|
FRIDAY
|
NIL
|
MTH281
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT215
(Practical)
TUTOR-
B
|
MTH213
TUTOR-
A
|
CIT237
(Practical)
TUTOR-
C
|
Contact
me for your:
·
UK-USED
LAPTOPS.
·
WINDOWS
7, 8, 8.1 & 10 OS Softwares.
·
Formatting,
Upgrading, Downgrading of your OS, Activation & Driving of your System.
·
Backup
of your phone & Laptop.
·
Private
Tutoring.
·
Printing
of TMA’S.
·
NETWORKING,
WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT/DESIGNING & PROGRAMMING TRAINING MATERIALS.
@
07085837042.
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